Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Unitech Business Park, Block - F, South City 1, Sector - 41, Gurgaon

Overview Radiation therapy (RT) is an important treatment option for breast cancer. It uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to destroy cancer cells. These rays are invisible and painless as they pass through the body. RT may be given on its own or combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy. The treatment works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, making it hard for them to grow and multiply, while protecting the surrounding healthy breast tissue. Types of Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer Radiation therapy can be delivered in different ways, depending on the stage and type of breast cancer: External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): High-energy beams are delivered from outside the body using a machine called a linear accelerator. Modern methods such as intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) or stereotactic RT ensure precise targeting. Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy): Small radioactive seeds or devices are placed directly inside the breast tissue to deliver radiation to the target area. Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT): Radiation is given immediately after surgery to the area where the tumor was removed, targeting any remaining cancer cells. When Is Radiation Therapy Recommended? Radiation therapy may be advised in the following situations: To destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy). To relieve symptoms of advanced breast cancer. In combination with chemotherapy for better outcomes. For cancers that cannot be removed surgically. For aggressive cancers, such as inflammatory breast cancer (alongside chemotherapy and surgery). To treat cancers that have spread (metastatic breast cancer) and help shrink tumors to ease pain. Before Treatment Before starting RT, your healthcare team will: Review your medical history and conduct a physical exam. Plan your treatment through a process called radiation simulation, where they determine the safest and most comfortable position for you. Mark the treatment area with temporary or permanent markers. Use advanced imaging tests like CT or MRI to map the tumor’s size, shape, and location. Sometimes, custom masks or shields are made to protect nearby healthy organs. Radiation therapy is usually scheduled 3–8 weeks after surgery or 3–4 weeks after chemotherapy. Most sessions are done on an outpatient basis. During the Procedure RT is usually given 5 days a week for 5–6 weeks, with each session lasting 10–30 minutes. You will lie on a treatment table in the same position determined during planning. Imaging tools such as X-rays, CT scans, or lasers ensure accurate targeting each time. For EBRT, a machine directs the radiation beams precisely at the tumor site. For brachytherapy, radioactive seeds or tubes deliver high doses of radiation directly inside the breast tissue. RT can be given after: Lumpectomy (Breast-Conserving Surgery): Radiation is used to treat either the entire breast (whole breast irradiation) or only the affected part (partial breast irradiation). Mastectomy: RT may be recommended if cancer has spread to lymph nodes or if there is a higher risk of recurrence. After the Procedure The radiation itself takes only a few minutes, but preparation may take 30–45 minutes. Regular CT or MRI scans are done afterward to monitor how well the treatment is working. Most patients can resume daily activities soon after their session. Possible Side Effects Side effects vary based on the area treated and the type of radiation given. Common ones include: Fatigue Skin irritation (redness, peeling, or blistering) Swelling in the breast or arm Rib fractures (rare) Secondary cancers (very rare) Most side effects are temporary and manageable with medical support. Conclusion Radiation therapy plays a vital role in the treatment of breast cancer. Whether used alongside surgery, chemotherapy, or as a stand-alone treatment, it helps destroy cancer cells, lowers the risk of recurrence, and improves long-term survival.